{"id":17261,"date":"2024-09-02T13:08:07","date_gmt":"2024-09-02T13:08:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/?page_id=17261"},"modified":"2025-12-19T08:59:08","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T08:59:08","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"17261\" class=\"elementor elementor-17261\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-16e62e2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default rt-parallax-bg-no\" data-id=\"16e62e2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e71ba5d\" data-id=\"e71ba5d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35976ad elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"35976ad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t1. \u0654\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643. \u0634\u0640\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u060c \u064a. (1987). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0655\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0654\u062d\u0645\u0640\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0640\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629. 607 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90e0eaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"90e0eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t2.\t\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0641 \u060c \u062e. \u0643. (2006). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a -\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0646). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0643\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. 456 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8145799 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8145799\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t3.\t\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0641. \u0645. (1981). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a-\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0643\u0648 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28aca70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28aca70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t4.\t\u0628\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0641. \u0645. (1997). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a-\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \/ \u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u060c \u0641. \u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. 1120 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0870fce elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0870fce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t5.\t\u062c\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0645. \u0633. (1986). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0640\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0640\u0641\u060c \u0627\u0654. \u0627\u0654. \u0648\u0627\u0653\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. 831 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7439d0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7439d0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.\t\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0641. \u062c. (1993). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\/\u0641\u0635\u0640\u0644. \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0641. \u0645. \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0634\u0640\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0649. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. 607 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a92805 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a92805\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t7.\t\u0627\u0654\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0641\u0640\u0627\u060c \u0646. \u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0653\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1996). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. 438 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f4cef4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f4cef4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t8.\t\u0627\u0654\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0640\u0627\u060c \u0641. \u0641. \u0648\u0627\u0653\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1990). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0640\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0654. \u0641. \u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645. \u062c. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0640\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. 494 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a12bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a12bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t9.\t\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0634\u0640\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0648\u060c \u0646. \u0627\u0654. (2012). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0640\u0648\u064a \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0640\u0633. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0640\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631. \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0627. 213 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51143c0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"51143c0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t10.\t\u0643\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0655. \u0645. \u0646\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u060c \u0646. \u0641. (1989). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u0639. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0643\u0648. 479 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47a6edb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"47a6edb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t11.\t\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0631\u060c \u0641. \u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0653\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1998). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0655\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a-\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u0640\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0640\u0629. \u0645\u062d\u0630\u0648\u0641\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. 880 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f0bf75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1f0bf75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t12.\t\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0643. \u0627\u0654. \u0644. (2019). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0643\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648. \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 512 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97b52eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97b52eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t13.\t\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0648. \u0627\u0655. \u0648\u0627\u0653\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. (1993). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0655\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a-\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0640\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. 736 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4553a13 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4553a13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t14.\t\u0634\u0640\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0641. \u0628. \u0648\u0627\u0653\u062e\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0646. (2009). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0640\u062b. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0640\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631. \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u062f\u0648\u0646. \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0627. 816 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-529d14d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"529d14d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t15.\t\u0634\u0640\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062c. \u0634. (1981). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a-\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0640\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0640\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0640\u064a. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. 1080 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-560057c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"560057c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t16.\t\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0640\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0654\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0631. (2022). \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0640\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0654\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0640\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0640\u0629.  \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0646\u0637\u0646. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a. (2022). 974 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a8b99 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55a8b99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t17.\t\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0654\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631. (2021). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0636. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062e\u0629 11. \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0641. \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631\u0627. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631: \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. (2018). 1196 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e83a5b8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e83a5b8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t18.\t\u0641\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633\u060c \u062c. \u0631. (2006). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0646\u0637\u0646. \u0627\u0654\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0643\u0627. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. 1056 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u0654\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0640\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643. \u0634\u0640\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u060c \u064a. (1987). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0640\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0655\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0654\u062d\u0645\u0640\u062f. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0640\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0631. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0643\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u064a\u0629. 607 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0640\u0629 2. \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0641 \u060c \u062e. \u0643. (2006). \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a -\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. (\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0646). \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0631. \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0643\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0629. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17261","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17261","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17261"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17261\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74074,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17261\/revisions\/74074"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17261"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}