{"id":74036,"date":"2025-12-19T08:13:19","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T08:13:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%be%d0%b1-%d0%b0%d0%b2%d1%82%d0%be%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%85\/"},"modified":"2025-12-19T08:59:21","modified_gmt":"2025-12-19T08:59:21","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%a9\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a 83.6 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646: 11,409,275 (2025)<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a (RF)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1991\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647. <\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 89 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a 17,098 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646: 146,118,322 (2025)<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>3. \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:49.96%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"318\" height=\"159\" src=\"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/uae-flag.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-74027\" style=\"width:382px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/uae-flag.png 318w, https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/uae-flag-300x150.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 318px) 100vw, 318px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:50.04%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ru_flag.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-74031\" style=\"width:300px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ru_flag.jpg 600w, https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/ru_flag-300x188.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><strong>4. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 8 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1971. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1986\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1987\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0633\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648. \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1991\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0643\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a.    <\/p>\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2007\u060c \u062c\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2023\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a.     <\/p>\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2023. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629. \u0641\u064a 6 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 22 \u0625\u0644\u0649 24 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2024 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2024). \u0641\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646 &#8220;\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629&#8221; \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629&#8221;. \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 (SCO).      <\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>5. \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628.\u0646. \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:49.96%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"65\" src=\"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/zho-ural.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-56004\" style=\"aspect-ratio:4.616078136739294;width:600px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<p><strong>6. \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 (ZA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a 19 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2004\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 2 &#8220;\u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u064a\u062f&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/p>\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a 5 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 2025\u060c \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 4 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645. <\/p>\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a 23 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0632\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629. <\/p>\n\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0641\u0631\u0629. <\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646. <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>7. \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0645 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0645) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0635\u0627\u063a\u0647 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0634\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>8. \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0642\u0645 29\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>9. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 (ZA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>10. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 (ZA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>11. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 (ZA)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>12. \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (UrFU)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628. \u0646. \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1920 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a. <\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 48,000 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 4,300 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u2014 4,400 \u0634\u062e\u0635.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u2013 \u0641. \u0623. \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0641 (\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648)\u061b \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u062d\u0629 &#8211; \u0625. \u0646. \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643\u0648\u0641.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a &#8220;\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a-2030&#8221; (\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 &#8220;5-100&#8221;), \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0630 462 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 13 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a (REC).<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 UrFU \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 351 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 QS \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 58 \u0641\u064a QS BRICS.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631\u063a.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025\u060c \u0623\u0644\u063a\u062a UrFU \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 105 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>13. \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633. \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0643\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1992. <\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062c. \u0623. \u063a\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644. \u062c. \u0628\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0625\u064a. \u0625\u064a. \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0645. \u0641. \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0633\u0643\u064a\u062e.  <\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 3,000 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>14. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 (UrFU)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 URFU \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 QS \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 &#8220;\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a&#8221;\u060c \u062d\u0635\u0644\u062a UrFU \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025. \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 UrFU \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>15. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 (UrFU)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.  <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>16. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 (UrFU)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>17. \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 ZA (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a) \u0648UrFU (\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a (360 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f (ASD).<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u0629 &#8220;\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629&#8221;<\/p>\n\n<p>\u25cf \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0644 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629) \u25cf \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u25cf \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1971 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0639\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u064a 83.6 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u0639. \u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0638\u0628\u064a. \u25cf \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-74036","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/74036","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=74036"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/74036\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":74075,"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/74036\/revisions\/74075"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/psychologydictionary.ae\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=74036"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}