the influence of personal emotions and deep feelings, such as love, hate, anger, fear, or joy, on the formation of a person’s political views and political decision-making. This type of bias is not based on rational analysis or evaluation of policies and programmes; rather, it shapes political reactions driven by emotion, explaining why some people continue to support certain leaders or parties despite evidence of their negative influence or inadequate decisions. Thus, affective bias in politics is fundamental to understanding electoral behavior and group attitudes, and explains why feelings and emotions can prevail over reason and logic in political processes.