Devices that decipher neural activity and translate it into signals that control various devices – for example, the arm of a robot. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) or brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are often aimed at exploring, mapping, assisting, expanding, or restoring human cognitive or sensorimotor functions. They are often conceptualized as a human-machine interface that lets the intermediary pass in the form of moving body parts (e.g., arms or legs). NCI implementations range from non-invasive (EEG, MEG, MRI) and partially invasive (ECoG and endovascular studies) to invasive (microelectrode array), depending on how physically close the electrodes are to the brain tissue.