a set of distinguishing features that help diagnose these conditions in early childhood. These syndromes usually manifest themselves in the early stages of development, when higher mental functions are still being formed, which makes the child more susceptible to impairments of these abilities caused by any neurological or environmental disorders. Typically, functions such as attention, memory, reasoning, planning, self-regulation, speech, and fine motor skills are affected, leading to difficulties in learning, social adjustment, and the ability to perform daily activities effectively. These syndromes are often associated with primary brain damage or developmental delays in the areas of the cerebral cortex or neural networks responsible for higher executive functions, highlighting the close connection between neural structure and higher brain functions. Knowledge of these signs facilitates early diagnosis and adequate therapeutic and educational interventions, contributing to the development of the child’s abilities and mitigating the impact of functional delays on his psychological and behavioral development.