developmental states characterized by the child’s inability to normally develop certain higher mental functions in childhood. These syndromes result from a defect or delay in the development of the nervous system, as well as inadequate environmental and social influences, such as insufficient emotional or educational stimulation or exposure to early psychological stress. Disorders of higher mental functions include areas such as concentration, memory, language, abstract thinking, emotional regulation, and behavior planning. These syndromes lead to significant difficulties in learning, social adaptation, and interaction with the environment. Therefore, early intervention and thorough neuropsychological evaluation are critical to developing individualized therapeutic and educational strategies that support a child’s development and improve their abilities in these areas.