A psychological discipline and a branch of science whose subject is mental disorders and mental aspects of somatic diseases. In modern medicine and psychology, the terms “clinical psychology” and “medical psychology” are often used interchangeably, although in a number of countries, including Russia and the UAE, specialists may distinguish between them. The foundations of clinical psychology were laid by empirical research by French and Russian psychiatrists of the late 19th century (Ribot, Bekhterev), and the term itself was introduced in 1907 by the American psychologist Lightner Whitmer.