a psychological discipline and branch of psychology whose subject matter includes mental disorders (disturbances) and the psychological aspects of somatic disorders/diseases. In modern medicine and psychology, the terms “clinical psychology” and “medical psychology” are most often used and understood as synonyms, although in a number of countries, including Russia and the UAE, some specialists distinguish between these concepts. The prerequisites for the emergence of this branch of psychology were laid by the empirical research of French and Russian psychiatrists of the late nineteenth century (Ribot, Bekhterev), and the term “clinical psychology” was introduced in 1907 by the American psychologist Lightner Witmer.