a theory that interprets collective behavior as the result of the association of people who have similar traits or motivations. People with similar interests, needs, or goals gather in one place, resulting in a coherent or unified collective behavior. This theory differs from convergence theory in that it argues that collective behavior is not transmitted through the crowd itself, but rather stems from the actions and desires of the same people sharing similar orientations and thinking. According to convergence theory, collective association occurs when people with similar interests find that interacting with similar people increases their chances of achieving goals or expressing their desires. For example, protest groups may gather to share common social or political demands, or fans of a sporting or cultural event may gather to share their enthusiasm and love for the same topic. From a psychological perspective, the theory holds that collective behavior reflects the independent and convergent motives of individuals, rather than simply the effect of emotional contagion among members of the crowd. Thus, each person contributes to collective behavior based on his or her personal interests, but finds in the group a stimulating and supportive environment for the collective expression of these interests. From a social point of view, the theory explains that group meetings are often voluntary and selective, as people are drawn to a crowd that shares their values, goals, or inclinations, which increases group cohesion and the continuity of collective behavior. The theory also emphasizes that the group serves as a platform for the integration of individual motivations, transforming coinciding personal goals into a single collective action that has a greater impact on the environment or society.