the concept of the cyber environment, which emerged with the development of the Internet in the early 1990s. It refers to the virtual digital environment shaped by the interaction between people, technology, and society in cyberspace. The theory that deals with this concept is not associated with a single founder in the classical sense; rather, an intellectual extension of the theory of cybernetics, the foundations of which were laid by mathematician Norbert Wiener in 1948 in his book Cybernetics: Control and Communication in Animal and Machine.