The concept that people tend to interpret events and outcomes in a way that protects their self-esteem and reduces their sense of responsibility for negative consequences. This pattern of thinking involves attributing successes to internal factors and personal abilities, and failures or negative results to external factors or surrounding circumstances. This cognitive bias helps protect self-esteem and reduce anxiety associated with failure or personal mistakes. From a psychological perspective, defensive attribution suggests that people seek to maintain self-esteem and build a sense of competence and control over their lives. In achieving success, a person tends to attribute it to his own skills, efforts, or intelligence, and in the case of failure, to factors beyond his control, such as adverse circumstances, bad luck, or the actions of others. This pattern helps reduce psychological stress, maintain self-confidence, and avoid internal conflict that arises from feelings of powerlessness or failure. In social terms, defensive attribution can lead to the interpretation of behavior and events in a socially protective way, thereby a person will justify his actions to others and improve his social image. However, this approach can make it difficult to learn from mistakes and limit personal responsibility. It can also lead to bias in the evaluation of others or misinterpretation of their behavior, since people tend to biasfully compare the reasons for their own and others’ successes and failures.