Conditions that affect the complex of cognitive, emotional, and social abilities that form the basis of a child’s complex thinking and executive skills. These functions include the ability to plan, self-regulate, solve problems, learn independently, use language effectively, control emotions, and interact appropriately in social interactions. When these functions are impaired, the child experiences significant difficulties in performing everyday activities, adapting to the school and social environment, as well as in effectively assimilating new knowledge. These disorders are often associated with delayed or impaired development of the cerebral cortex or neural networks responsible for higher executive functions, and can be exacerbated by adverse environmental or educational influences. Early detection of these disorders allows the development of individualized treatment and educational programs aimed at improving the cognitive, emotional and social abilities of the child and increasing the level of his adaptation and interaction with the environment.