a model that focuses on the innate propensity of an individual or group to defend their interests, defend their resources, and achieve superiority in the face of threats or competitors in a political context. The model explains the causes of hostile conflicts between groups, power struggles, and defensive actions, and helps predict group and individual behavior in times of crisis or political competition. It is associated with the study of stable personality traits and their role in political behavior. Its most prominent founders are: Gordon Allport (trait theory); Theodor Adorno (authoritarian personality, 1950, linking dispositions to extreme tendencies); Hans Eysenck (Dimensions of Personality and Their Relation to Political Ideology). In political psychology: used to explain that some individuals or groups have a strong tendency toward aggression, dominance, or conservatism, regardless of changing circumstances.