represent the intellectual and philosophical basis on which educational practice is based. They express a system of values and principles that determine the vision of the educational system in terms of goals, content, teaching methods and assessment approaches. These orientations include, for example, constructivism, behaviorism, humanism, critical thinking, and others. Each of them has theoretical and philosophical foundations that determine the nature of the relationship between the teacher and the student, the organization of knowledge and the role of participants in the educational process. These orientations influence curriculum development and strategy implementation in the classroom, and are used to guide education policy at the national and institutional levels.