the doctrine of methods for improving the hereditary qualities of a person by controlling the processes of reproduction. The term was coined in the 19th century by Francis Galton, who defined eugenics as the science of methods of social control that can improve the physical and intellectual qualities of future generations. There are two directions of eugenics: positive eugenics consists in an attempt to improve the human “breed” by bringing the average level closer to the level of its best representatives; Negative eugenics advocates the forcible removal from the gene pool (nations, races) of gene combinations recognized as harmful.