An American foreman on the construction of a railroad, who became one of the most famous cases in the history of neuroscience after surviving a severe head injury in 1848. As a result of the explosion, a tamping crowbar passed through his skull, entering under the left cheekbone and exiting through the top of the head, destroying a significant part of the left frontal lobe. Amazingly, Gage was able to walk and talk shortly after the incident, but his personality, according to contemporaries, changed dramatically – he became impulsive, irritable, and unreliable. This case was one of the first proofs that the frontal lobes play an important role in the formation of personality, social behavior, and executive functions.