Genetic factors play a fundamental role in the development of the brain and its higher functions. Genetic mutations or inherited diseases can lead to impaired neuronal development, the formation of neural networks or the functions of the cerebral cortex, affecting a child’s cognitive abilities. These genetic causes can be passed on from parents or manifest spontaneously in the fetus, affecting cognitive development, learning ability, attention, and emotional stability, highlighting the important role of genes in the formation of higher mental functions.