a form of agraphy in which written speech becomes incomprehensible, meaningless or seriously distorted. The text may contain neologisms, semantic substitutions, and paraphrasies, which makes it difficult or impossible to understand. It often accompanies slang aphasia and is associated with damage to the posterior speech zones of the left hemisphere, especially Wernicke’s area. It reflects a violation of the connection between the formation of a speech concept and its written implementation.