an improved explanatory model in attribution theory, developed by Harold Kelly in 1972 as an extension and development of the covariance model. This model seeks to expand the understanding of how people perceive the causes of human behavior or social events, suggesting that people explain events or behavior not on the basis of a single piece of information, but on the basis of an integrated network of causes linked together in a “cause-and-effect system.” A causal systems model can be defined as a cognitive model that treats behavior or phenomena as explained through the analysis of a network of interrelated factors (internal and external, permanent and temporary) that interact to produce a particular outcome, rather than by attributing a cause to a single isolated factor. In other words, we don’t just ask, “What’s the reason?” but try to understand the overall structure of the interrelated factors that led to a particular behavior or outcome. The Causal Systems model provides a holistic view of understanding human behavior because it views events as the result of an integrated network of interrelated and interacting factors, rather than a single direct cause, a more flexible and realistic model for explaining social behavior and phenomena that is widely used in social psychology, education, management, and human relations.