an interdisciplinary direction at the intersection of neurobiology, neuropsychology and psychoanalysis (Freud’s theory of drives), which explores the neurobiological foundations of psychopathological phenomena and links brain activity with the psychoanalytic model of consciousness. One of the founders is Mark Solms. It is largely based on the works of A.R. Luria and is represented by numerous clinical observations (for example, psychoanalytic observations of the work of grief in Broca’s aphasia).