a concept of social and environmental psychology defining the physiological and psychological distance required for a person to feel comfortable and safe. This concept was introduced by Edward T. Hall in his studies of interpersonal communication and social distance. Hall identified four zones of personal space depending on physical distance and degree of emotional closeness between people:
1) intimate zone – 0–0.5 m, shared with family and partners, where bodily contact is possible;
2) personal zone – 0.5–1.2 m, where business and friendly communication occurs, allowing colleagues and friends;
3) social zone – 1.2–3.65 m, where interaction with strangers such as cashiers, bus passengers, and passersby takes place;
4) public zone – 3.65 m and more, encompassing a wide circle of unfamiliar people surrounding a person daily.