One of the first pseudosciences in the modern sense, the main thesis of which is the statement about the relationship between the human psyche and the structure of the surface of his skull. The creator of phrenology is the Austrian physician and anatomist Franz Joseph Gall. He asserted that all mental properties are localized in different parts of the brain, and believed that differences in the cerebral gyrus can be determined by the convexity (“bump”) in the corresponding part of the skull, and if part of the brain is underdeveloped, by the cavity.