factors related to the structure of the nervous system and the development of the brain, which directly affect the development of the child’s higher mental functions. A defect in the formation of the cerebral cortex or the areas of the brain responsible for attention, memory, thinking, self-regulation, and speech can lead to a delay or impairment of these functions. These problems can also be the result of early trauma during childbirth, lack of oxygen (hypoxia), or neurodevelopmental disorders that affect neural connections and the formation of neural networks. These physiological factors form the structural basis on which the development of higher mental functions depends, and significantly affect the child’s ability to learn, solve problems, and adapt to the environment.