to reason) – thinking with a predominance of extensive, excessively abstract (abstract) reasoning, which has little meaningful connection with the immediate object (goal) of reasoning. The goal of mental activity recedes into the background, and the tendency to reason, philosophizing with the use of various complex abstract concepts, reasoning about the insoluble problems of science and philosophy, while in fact many judgments turn out to be banal, based on superficial or accidental analogies. Reasoning does not carry any meaningful meaning (“fruitless philosophizing”), and answers to specific questions often do not provide the necessary factual information. Resonance can occur in schizophrenia, psychoorganic syndrome, in a milder form – in some personality traits.