a phase model of actions developed by Heinz Heckhausen and Peter Golwitzer within the framework of cognitive psychology, and describing the stages on the way to making a decision and achieving a goal. The authors of the model believe that each action includes a point of no return (Rubicon) in the transition from goal setting to its implementation. At this stage, the final decision is made, and all energy is directed to the only important goal, and alternative goals are rejected.