limited visual field disorders (of different sizes and shapes). A distinction is made between physiological scotomas (blind spot, angioscotoma) and pathological. Physiological scotomas in ordinary vision are not subjectively perceived. Pathological scotomas occur when the retina, choroid, visual pathways and centers are affected, they can be positive (subjectively perceived) and negative (subjectively not perceived, detected by examining the visual fields). Depending on the position in the field of vision, peripheral, pericentral, central and paracentral, as well as unilateral and bilateral, absolute and relative scotomas are distinguished.