A theory developed by Leon Festinger in 1954, which suggests that people have a natural tendency to evaluate their own opinions, abilities, and attitudes by comparing them to the opinions or abilities of others. The theory argues that these comparisons play a fundamental role in self-identification, increasing self-esteem, and understanding one’s place in a social context. They help people evaluate their successes and failures, form an accurate idea of their abilities, and direct their behavior in accordance with surrounding social norms. From a psychological perspective, the theory explains that people tend to compare themselves to others who are similar to them in characteristics or social status in order to achieve a more accurate self-assessment – a process known as horizontal comparison, or comparison by equivalence. People may also compare themselves to those whose abilities or achievements are higher or lower (vertical comparison) to increase motivation or self-esteem. This approach emphasizes that social comparison is not just a negative or critical activity, but rather a way of self-knowledge, increasing personal effectiveness and social adaptation. Socially, social comparisons contribute to the formation of social norms, group expectations, and adaptation to culture or environment. They allow people to learn from the experiences of others, adopt acceptable behaviors, and avoid deviations from shared values. Social comparisons can also influence decision-making, personal and professional goal setting, and contribute to the formation of belonging to certain groups by aligning behavior with group norms.