the ability and authority of the teacher to manage and organize the learning process in the classroom, as well as to monitor student behavior to ensure a productive learning environment. Such dominance requires a delicate balance between maintaining order and discipline and giving students the freedom to express themselves and participate. Teacher dominance can have a direct impact on the psychological climate in the classroom, as the degree of supervision exercised should create a supportive environment that motivates students to learn, rather than creating fear or tension.