A neuropsychological test designed to assess decision-making, risk-benefit ratios, and feedback-based learning. Participants choose cards from four different decks, each of which is associated with different probabilities of winnings and penalties. Some decks provide high immediate wins but result in large long-term losses, whereas others provide smaller instant rewards but better results in the long run. The test measures the ability, through trial and error, to give preference to profitable decks over unprofitable ones. It is often used in studies of frontal lobe function, especially the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, as well as in the study of impulsivity, addictions, and neurological diseases.