disorders that affect the normal growth and development of tissues or organs, both from a morphological and functional point of view. At the biological level, these disorders are deviations from the normal growth process, leading to a change in the size or structural shape of the organ, as well as to a violation of its functions. Sometimes it can be associated with the occurrence of additional malformations or disorders that act as aggravating factors. In neuropsychology, this reflects disorders in the growth and formation of nervous and brain structures, which can directly affect the development of higher mental functions, such as perception, attention, memory, and motor abilities. Thus, this concept can be considered as a scheme explaining how any early deviation in the course of the development of the nervous system or the organism as a whole subsequently manifests itself in functional limitations or difficulties in psychological and behavioral adaptation.