impulsive or reflex motor acts performed without control of consciousness. They can be adaptive, for example, blinking, withdrawing the hand when exposed to a painful stimulus, and non-adaptive, for example, chaotic movements in situations of confusion. A distinction is made between involuntary movements and post-voluntary movements. Involuntary movements are formed without the control of consciousness (unconditionally reflex and conditioned reflex motor acts; skills formed by trial and error; innate and clinical automatisms, etc.). They can become voluntary only with special work on the formation of a system of motor landmarks. If the system of conscious landmarks is absent or excessively reduced, then they are difficult to correct and rebuild.