a psychological school for the experimental study of thinking and will, founded in 1896 at the University of Würzburg in Germany. The founder and head of the school is Oswald Külpe (see Külpe, Oswald (1862-1915) in Chapter 5 Famous Scientists, Their Scientific Schools and Organizations in Psychological Science). The main thesis of the school was that there are special states of consciousness – “thoughts” that cannot be reduced to sensory perception, that is, it was emphasized that thinking is a separate process. Thinking is an act of appreciating relations, that is, for the first time thinking was understood as an action.