comprehensive scientific approaches aimed at understanding the political behavior of individuals and groups from a psychological, social and analytical point of view. These models combine theoretical knowledge with practical observations of political behavior and include trait models that focus on individual personality traits; cognitive models that analyze the processes of thinking and decision-making; and the theory of political games, which studies the strategic interaction between political actors, as well as other psychological and social approaches. These models help explain audience reactions to leaders, predict voter behavior, understand the motivations behind political alliances and conflicts, and analyze the dynamics of cooperation and confrontation in complex political contexts.