are a set of conceptual models that explain the psychological causes and motives that determine the behavior of students, in particular, their learning. These theories focus on intrinsic factors, such as psychological needs (e.g., the need for safety, belonging, and respect), and external factors, such as rewards and stressors, and explain how these factors interact to determine student engagement and activity in the learning process. In educational psychology, these theories are used to develop motivational strategies that help increase attention and concentration, reduce doubt and boredom, and promote academic performance and positive classroom behavior.