German psychologist. Representative of the Würzburg School of Psychology (see Würzburg School in Chapter 5 Famous Scientists, Their Scientific Schools and Organizations in Psychological Science). He dealt mainly with the problem of will, formulating the concept of the “determining tendency” as its psychological mechanism. He conducted several series of experiments in which, using the sophisticated method of “experimental introspection”, the subjects reflected and analyzed their thought process step by step, isolating a volitional impulse in it.