American psychologist, representative of neobehaviorism. He is the author of the concept of “cognitive maps” and the developer of cognitive behaviorism. Tolman proposed to supplement the classical stimulus-response scheme with a new intermediate phase – a cognitive representation (a mental map or model that the organism forms on the basis of experience). Some provisions of the theory:
1) Behavior is determined not only by external stimuli, but also by internal cognitive structures that determine the reaction.
2) The body, gradually mastering the situation, builds a cognitive map of the path that needs to be followed to solve the problem.
3) He identified a special type of learning – latent (hidden), which takes place when there is no reinforcement, but this type of learning is able to change behavior.