American philosopher and psychologist. He was one of the founders and a leading exponent of pragmatism and functionalism (see Functionalism in Chapter 5 Famous Scientists, Their Scientific Schools and Organizations in Psychological Science). The authors of textbooks and scientific works often call him the father of modern psychology. In 1892, together with G. Münsterberg, he organized the first laboratory of applied psychology in the United States. Central to James’s psychology is the concept of consciousness, to which he gave an original interpretation. He wrote about the stream of consciousness, emphasizing the dynamism of mental phenomena, considering them as constantly replacing one another unrepeatable states. If before James consciousness was presented as a sum of individual elements (the so-called structuralism), then he singled out the stream of consciousness as a continuous dynamic wholeness as a primary fact. He developed a theory of emotions, called the James-Lange theory: its essence was that emotions are a consequence of a person’s awareness of reflex physiological changes in the body.