German psychologist and philosopher. He is the author of works on the psychological foundations of epistemology. He was the founder of the Würzburg school of psychology (see Würzburg School in Chapter 5 Famous Scientists, Their Scientific Schools and Organizations in Psychological Science), one of the founders of the European direction of functional psychology. He considered the act of consciousness as ensuring the disclosure of the object of consciousness in the experience of the subject. Acts of consciousness can be recorded retrospectively with the help of reflection aimed at an act that has already taken place. In psychology, Külpe was one of the pioneers of the experimental method in relation to higher mental processes such as will and thinking.