the totality of cognitive and behavioural changes experienced by individuals and groups when an electoral process is disrupted or conflict arises, whether due to doubts about the integrity of elections, disputes over results, or loss of confidence in the bodies that control it. These reactions are not merely situational consequences; rather, they are psychosocial coping mechanisms that reflect how citizens deal with doubts and uncertainty in the political system. Thus, the psychological response to electoral crises is not just an individual phenomenon; It is an indicator of the health of the political system and its ability to withstand shocks and maintain its legitimacy.