a complex, information-rich system characterized by a continuous interweaving of various sensory stimuli and a variety of sources of influence acting simultaneously in a changing spatio-temporal framework. This environment is not just a physical space in which vehicles and pedestrians move; It is a dynamic-cognitive system in which people interact with sensory flows from the environment and transform them into organized or random behavioral responses. From a cognitive-psychological point of view, the road environment is an arena of competition of incentives, where the driver or road user must use the mechanisms of attention as a cognitive filtering tool to determine what is directly relevant to the situation and what can be ignored or postponed. Here, the central role of attention is embodied in transforming this environment from sensory chaos into an organized cognitive map suitable for decision-making. Moreover, the road environment is characterized by variability and uncertainty; It is subject to sudden changes at any time (e.g., an unexpected pedestrian crossing or a sudden stop of a vehicle), making it a probabilistic environment that requires constant monitoring, forecasting, and adaptation. From a neuropsychological point of view, interaction with the road environment requires the activation of a wide range of higher cognitive functions: perception, selective and distributed attention, working memory, and probabilistic thinking. Any disruption of these functions – whether due to cognitive overload, distractions or emotional state – leads to a decrease in the effectiveness of adaptation to the environment and, therefore, to an increase in the likelihood of errors and accidents. Road environment levels:
1) Visual stimuli: traffic lights, road markings, other vehicles, pedestrians, physical obstacles, and billboards.
2) Auditory stimuli: alarm sounds, engine roar, sirens and ambient noise.
3) External stimuli: weather changes (rain, fog, heat), lighting conditions (day/night, artificial lighting).
4) Internal stimuli: passenger voices and conversations, electronic devices in the car, and even the physical and psychological state of the driver himself.