classification of stress proposed by Hans Selye:
1) Positive stress (eustress) is stimulating and constructive stress that helps the body respond positively to difficult situations, increasing productivity and self-motivation. In this context, eustress usually does not lead to psychosomatic symptoms, but, on the contrary, increases psychological and physical adaptability, strengthening psychological stability and flexibility. For example, eustress contributes to successful preparation for an important interview because it increases concentration and motivation without causing negative symptoms.
2) Negative stress (distress) is stress that exceeds the body’s ability to adapt, leading to an excessive or chronic reaction of the nervous and endocrine systems, aggravating psychosomatic symptoms. This type includes chronic, sudden, or severe stressors: loss of a loved one, health problems, constant pressure at work, and conflicts. Distress leads to increased secretion of stress hormones such as cortisol and adrenaline, increased blood pressure, gastrointestinal disorders, decreased immunity and exacerbation of cardiovascular diseases. It also impairs psychological adaptation.
3) Acute stress – stress that occurs suddenly and lasts for a short period, for example, facing a dangerous situation or a sudden traumatic event. It causes immediate activation of the sympathetic nervous system and increased secretion of stress hormones, leading to physical reactions such as heart palpitations, sweating, muscle tension, and increased alertness. Under normal conditions, the body can recover after the elimination of the provoking factor – the stressor. However, if acute stress is repeated or the ability to adapt is reduced, it can develop into chronic psychosomatic symptoms. For example, a sudden car accident causes heart palpitations, sweating, and short-term fear.
4) Chronic stress – stress that persists for a long time without an adequate recovery period, such as constant life stressors, financial problems, and long-term pressure in the family or at work. Chronic stress gradually depletes the body, leading to chronic psychosomatic symptoms, sleep disorders, depression, anxiety, decreased immunity, digestive disorders, and cardiovascular disease. Chronic stress also increases the likelihood of developing stress-related chronic diseases, for example, due to working for a long time without regular breaks, constant feelings of pressure and anxiety, leading to long-term physical and psychological exhaustion.